Grammar Hub
Rules, tables and examples for every level, each with a short quiz.
Level A1
- German Alphabet & Pronunciation GuideHear every letter, learn the sound rules and spell words aloud.
- The German Alphabet, Sounds & SpellingAll 26 letters plus ä, ö, ü and ß: names, sounds, pronunciation rules, spelling aloud and practice.
- Articles, Gender & Pluralder, die, das and how nouns form the plural.
- Plural Nouns: Patterns and PracticeLearn the six plural patterns and which nouns follow them.
- Nominative CaseThe case of the subject.
- Personal Pronounsich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, sie and the polite Sie.
- Possessive Articlesmein, dein, sein, ihr: say who something belongs to.
- Question Wordswer, was, wo, woher, wohin, wann, warum, wie viel and more.
- Present Tense: sein, haben & regular verbsConjugate the most important verbs in the present.
- Sein and HabenThe two most important verbs: to be and to have.
- Plural of NounsThe five main plural patterns and how to learn them.
- Es gibt: There Is / There AreSay that something exists, with the accusative.
- Weather and SeasonsTalk about the weather, the four seasons and the months.
- At the RestaurantOrder food, ask for the bill and be polite.
- Greetings and IntroductionsSay hello, goodbye and introduce yourself politely.
- Meeting New PeopleIntroduce other people and ask polite follow-up questions.
- Days of the Week and DatesLearn the days, say when things happen.
- Family and PossessivesName family members and say whose they are with mein and dein.
- Food and DrinksName common foods and say what you like.
- Food and DrinkMeals, common foods and saying what you like to eat.
- Hobbies and Free TimeTalk about what you do in your free time.
- Jobs and WorkplacesSay what you do for a living.
- Verbs with Vowel Changefahren, essen, lesen, sehen: the du and er/sie/es forms change.
- ein and kein as Objects (First Look at the Accusative)Say what you have, need or want: Ich habe einen Bruder.
- Describing Things with sein + AdjectiveUse adjectives after sein without endings, with sehr, zu and nicht.
- Numbers, Days & Telling TimeCount, give dates and say what time it is.
- Daily Routine & Time Expressionsmorgens, jeden Tag, immer, nie: talk about habits and routines.
- Verb Placement (V2 Rule)The conjugated verb is always in position 2.
- Location & Direction Wordshier, dort, links, rechts, geradeaus and the difference between wo and wohin.
- Where Is It? Position Wordsin, auf, neben, unter, vor, hinter, zwischen to say where things are.
- Wishes and Orders with möchtenSay what you would like politely in cafes, shops and everyday situations.
- können and müssen: First Modal VerbsSay what you can do and what you must do.
- gern, lieber, am liebstenTalk about likes and preferences.
- Questions & NegationW-questions, yes/no questions, nicht and kein.
- Quantities, Containers & Foodeine Flasche Wasser, ein Kilo Äpfel, ein bisschen Zucker.
- Ja, Nein, Doch & Short AnswersAnswer questions naturally, including negative questions.
- Weather, Seasons & the Impersonal esEs regnet, es ist kalt: talk about the weather and the year.
- mögen and gefallen: Likes and OpinionsIch mag Kaffee. Das Buch gefällt mir.
- ImperativeGive instructions, requests and advice.
- Saying Whose: Annas Buch and das Auto von ...Show possession with names, and with von for everything else.
- Big Numbers, Prices & Phone Numbershundert, tausend, drei Euro fünfzig: shop and give phone numbers.
Level A2
- Accusative CaseThe case of the direct object.
- Dative: First Stepsmit, bei, zu, nach and the most useful dative verbs.
- Dative Prepositions Practiceaus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu: always followed by the dative.
- Accusative Prepositionsfür, durch, gegen, ohne, um: always followed by the accusative.
- Pronouns in Accusative and Dativemich/mir, dich/dir, ihn/ihm and their word order.
- Modal Verbskönnen, müssen, wollen, dürfen, sollen, mögen.
- sollen, dürfen, wollen: More Modal VerbsObligation, permission, prohibition and plans.
- Compound NounsBuild long German words and know their gender.
- Prepositions of Time & Placeam, im, um, seit, vor, in and the wohin/wo/woher pattern.
- Verbs that Take the Dativehelfen, gefallen, gehören, schmecken, passen, danken, gratulieren.
- Adjectives before Nouns (Nominative & Accusative)A first look at adjective endings: der große Tisch, ein großer Tisch.
- Separable VerbsVerbs with prefixes that split off, like anrufen and aufstehen.
- Reflexive Verbs for Daily Routinesich waschen, sich anziehen, sich treffen: describe your day.
- Coordinating Conjunctionsund, oder, aber, denn, sondern: join clauses without changing word order.
- At the DoctorBody parts, symptoms and making an appointment.
- wenn: If and WheneverSimple conditions and repeated events with wenn.
- Shopping and ClothesAsk for sizes and prices, and describe clothes.
- seit, vor, für: Time SpansSay how long and how long ago.
- weil and dass: Your First Subordinate ClausesGive reasons and report thoughts, with the verb at the end.
- Writing Emails and MessagesFormal and informal openings, closings and useful phrases.
- als, wenn, bevor: Time ClausesConnect events in time and choose the right word.
- Phone Calls and EmailsPolite phrases for calls and short emails.
- Travel and HolidayBook a trip, talk about holidays and handle the airport.
- Booking a HolidayBook rooms and trips and ask about prices and dates.
- At WorkTalk about your job, colleagues and working hours.
- als, wenn, wannThree ways to say when and how to choose.
- Housing and ApartmentsDescribe a flat, understand rental ads and costs.
- man, jemand, niemand, etwas, nichtsIndefinite pronouns for people and things in general.
- Modal Verbs in the Pastkonnte, musste, wollte, durfte, sollte: say what you could or had to do.
- Invitations and Making PlansInvite, accept, decline politely and agree on a time.
- Perfect Tense (Perfekt)Talk about the past with haben/sein + Partizip II.
- Bank and Post OfficeOpen an account, transfer money and send a parcel.
- deshalb, darum, deswegen: Giving ResultsIch bin müde, deshalb gehe ich ins Bett.
- um ... zu and damitExpress purpose: in order to.
- Recycling and the EnvironmentSort waste the German way and talk about saving resources.
- Perfekt Practice: Irregular ParticiplesLearn the participles of common irregular verbs in groups.
- Perfekt with Separable and Inseparable VerbsWhere does ge- go? einkaufen, besuchen and studieren compared.
- Polite RequestsKönnten Sie ...? Ich hätte gern ... Darf ich ...?
- Future Tense (Futur I)werden + infinitive for plans and predictions.
- war and hatte: Past Tense of sein and habenDescribe how things were yesterday with war and hatte.
- Asking for and Giving DirectionsGehen Sie geradeaus, biegen Sie links ab: useful city language.
- Comparative & SuperlativeCompare things: größer als, am größten, so ... wie.
- Ordinal Numbers, Dates & Yearsder erste, der dritte, am 16. Oktober and how to say years.
- Word Order: Time, Manner, PlaceOrder information in the sentence: when, how, where.
- Places: Wo and Wohinim Kino, ins Kino, beim Arzt, zum Arzt, nach Hause: use the right preposition.
Level B1
- Dative CaseThe case of the indirect object.
- Infinitive with zuum ... zu, ohne ... zu, anstatt ... zu and verbs followed by zu.
- Two-Way PrepositionsWechselpräpositionen: accusative for motion, dative for location.
- N-Declension (Weak Nouns)Masculine nouns that add -n/-en in every case except nominative.
- Subordinate Clausesweil, dass, wenn, obwohl: verb at the end.
- B1.01 Perfekt or Präteritum?Choose the right past tense when you speak and when you write.
- B1.02 Temporal Clauses: bevor, nachdem, während, bisSay when things happen with subordinate clauses.
- B1.03 Prepositions with Genitivewegen, trotz, während, statt: formal and written German.
- B1.04 Relative Clauses with PrepositionsAdd information with in dem, mit der, für den ...
- B1.05 ohne ... zu and (an)statt ... zuInfinitive clauses that say without doing and instead of doing.
- B1.06 je ... desto: The More, the BetterCompare two developments with the comparative.
- B1.07 Double Conjunctionsentweder ... oder, sowohl ... als auch, weder ... noch, nicht nur ... sondern auch.
- B1.08 indem and sodassExplain how something is done and what the result is.
- B1.09 Reflexive Verbs with Dativemir or mich? Reflexive pronouns in the dative.
- B1.10 The Verb lassenlet, leave and have something done.
- B1.11 Passive with Modal Verbsmuss gemacht werden, kann repariert werden.
- B1.12 Passive in the Pastwurde gebaut, wurden gefunden: describe past events and history.
- B1.13 State Passive: ist geschlossenDescribe the result with sein + Partizip II.
- B1.14 Advice and Polite Wishes (Konjunktiv II)würde, hätte, wäre, könnte for advice, wishes and polite requests.
- B1.15 Expressing Your OpinionGive your view, agree, disagree and give reasons.
- Conditional SentencesReal and unreal conditions with wenn, falls and Konjunktiv II.
- Indirect QuestionsEmbed questions politely: Ich weiß nicht, ob / wo / wann ...
- Relative ClausesDescribe nouns with der/die/das clauses.
- da- and wo- Compoundsdarauf, damit, worauf, womit: replace preposition + pronoun for things.
- Simple Past (Präteritum)The written past: war, hatte, modals and regular/irregular verbs.
- Past Perfect (Plusquamperfekt)The earlier past: hatte/war + Partizip II with nachdem.
- Reflexive Verbssich freuen, sich erinnern and other verbs with reflexive pronouns.
- Verbs with Fixed Prepositionswarten auf, sich interessieren für and other verb + preposition pairs.
- Adjective EndingsEndings depend on article, gender and case.
- Adjective Endings: ein-words & No ArticleComplete the adjective ending system after ein/kein/mein and without an article.
Level B2
- Genitive CaseThe case of possession.
- Participles as AdjectivesPartizip I and II before nouns and extended attributes.
- Passive VoiceVorgangspassiv and Zustandspassiv with werden/sein + Partizip II.
- Passive Alternativesman, sich lassen, sein + zu and -bar adjectives.
- Konjunktiv IIWishes, polite requests and unreal conditions.
- Konjunktiv II in the PastTalk about what would have happened: hätte/wäre + Partizip II.
- Advanced Connectorsje ... desto, zwar ... aber, nicht nur ... sondern auch and more.
- Concessive & Exception Clausesobwohl, auch wenn, selbst wenn, es sei denn and trotzdem.
- Indirect Speech (Konjunktiv I)Report what others said, as used in news and academic texts.
- Modal Particlesdoch, mal, eben, halt, ja, wohl: sound natural in conversation.
- Nominalization & Formal StyleTurn verbs and adjectives into nouns for formal writing.
Level C1
- Noun-Verb Phrases (Funktionsverbgefüge)Fixed formal expressions like eine Entscheidung treffen or in Frage stellen.
- Subjective Use of Modal VerbsExpress assumptions and hearsay with muss, dürfte, soll, will.
- Formal Prepositions (Genitive)anhand, aufgrund, infolge, mittels, zwecks and more for formal writing.
- Relative Clauses with was, wer, woFree relative clauses and clauses that refer back to a whole sentence.
- Unreal Comparisons (als ob)als ob, als wenn and als: compare with something imagined.
- Word Formation (Wortbildung)Prefixes and suffixes that unlock new vocabulary.
- Emphasis & Sentence StructureFronting, cleft sentences and the impersonal es for style and focus.